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"The Uses of
Enchantment" - The Meaning and Importance of Fairytales
by Dr Bruno
Bettelheim - Child Psychiatrist
Like all great art, fairytales
both delight and instruct; their special genius is that they do so
in terms which speak directly to children. Today, children no longer
grow up within the security of an extended family or of a
well-integrated community. Today, even more than in past times, the
child needs the reassurance offered by the image of the isolated man
who nevertheless is capable of achieving meaningful and rewarding
relations with the world around him. He needs a moral education
which subtly and by implication only, conveys to him the advantages
of moral behaviour not through abstract ethical concepts but through
that which seems tangibly right and therefore meaningful to him.
The child finds this kind of
meaning through fairytales. True, on an overt level, fairytales
teach little about the specific conditions of life in modern mass
society. But fairytales carry important messages to the conscious,
the preconscious and the unconscious mind, on whatever level each is
functioning at the time. The message that fairytales get across to
the child in manifold form is that a struggle against severe
difficulties in life is unavoidable, is an intrinsic part of human
existence - but that if one does not shy away but steadfastly meets
unexpected and often unjust hardships, one masters all obstacles and
at the end emerges victorious.
The fairy story, although it may
begin with the child's psychological state of mind - such as
feelings of rejection when compared to siblings, like Cinderella's -
never starts with his physical reality. The child who is familiar
with fairytales understands that these speak to him in the language
of symbols and not that of everyday reality. The deliberate
vagueness of "Once upon a time ..." at the beginning of fairytales
symbolizes that we are leaving the concrete world of ordinary
reality. The fairytale launches into fantastic events. But however,
big the detours - unlike the child's untutored mind, or a dream -
the process of the story does not get lost. Having taken the child
on a trip into a wondrous world, at its end of the tale returns the
child to reality, in a most reassuring manner.
Children - normal and abnormal
alike and at all levels of intelligence - find fairytales more
satisfying than all other children's stories.
My hope is that a proper
understanding of the unique merits of fairytales will induce parents
and teachers to assign them once again to that central role in the
life of the child they held for centuries.
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